Political Party History Free Essays

Ideological group History Before the Democrat and Republican gatherings started their rule over American legislative issues, ideological groups were continually evolving. The principal parties looked like faction’s more than real gatherings. The nation’s government officials were known to pack together around a specific issue. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ideological group History or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now These were generally an impression of social living in America. A change in ideological groups implied an adjustment in the manner in which Americans were experiencing their lives. Solid outsiders likewise helped impact the Democrat and Republican gatherings after they picked up control. Despite the fact that the names of gatherings change after some time, there have consistently been two gatherings of individuals taking inverse sides of a typical reason. The ideological group began when the discussion of confirming the constitution emerged. There was a part in how this new nation ought to be represented. On one side was the federalist, who were for the most part bolstered by the privileged. The rich land owners felt helpless to the open government that was beginning to be framed. They needed to ensure their political force. Then again the counter federalists, comprised of the lower classes, felt that a more grounded focal government would make a lot of defilement just as undermine the intensity of the individuals. These two groups in the long run isolated into two gatherings. The first was pushed by Alexander Hamilton and kept the Federalist name. Hamilton trusted in a solid national government having the vast majority of the power. Hamilton needed a solid industrialized nation with close connections to the homeland of England. Thomas Jefferson fronted the second party that was named the Democratic-republicans. Jefferson had confidence in an unassuming focal government giving most position to the individual states. Jefferson needed to avoid the conceivable defilement of industry and in this manner advanced an agrarian based economy. The Federalist Party immediately reached a conclusion when a split in the gathering happened because of the disputable administration of John Adams. With no restriction the Democratic Republicans continuously blurred away. This timespan comprising of no gatherings was known as the Era of Good Feelings. With the new thought of general white male testimonial, which gave the option to cast a ballot to every white man in the United States, there was a changeless move in power. Forthcoming lawmakers could not, at this point just kindness the propertied classes; rather they presently needed to concentrate on the center and lower classes concerns. This significant move strengthened another gathering, the Democratic Republicans drove by Andrew Jackson. The Democratic Republicans accepted that the nation ought to be represented under exacting adherence to the Constitution. They were against a national financial framework. They were likewise against governmentally supported inner enhancements since they felt it would be ridiculous impedance and unlawful. The rival side was the National Republicans and was driven by John Adams. This gathering put stock in supporting the national bank and supported every single inside progress. The National Republicans were additionally supporters of a solid focal government. Inevitably the National Republicans united with numerous other different gatherings to shape The Whig Party. The Democratic Republican Party abbreviated its name to the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party despite everything supported a constrained national government just as the standards of agrarianism. Democrats were ranchers who had confidence justified to claim slaves and supported regional development. As transportation enhancements expanded commercialization and the new majority rule governmental issues coaxed individuals out of localism into bigger systems, inquiries concerning national solidarity emerged. Since the Constitution left the government structure questionable every single sectional contradiction consequently became established issues. This drew out the incredible issue of patriotism versus sectionalism. The rival side named themselves the Whig Party. The Whigs drew their quality from the developing mechanical class. Most Whigs were business visionaries who supported urban development and free work. The Whigs party convictions were that of industrialization, they needed to grow financially and were supportive of governmentally supported interior enhancements as street and conduits. At last the issues over subjugation caused the partition of the Whig Party. The Kansas-Nebraska Act separated the Democratic Party. The Act opened up Kansas and Nebraska to choosing their slave status dependent on well known sway. This infuriated both the north and the south. By canceling the Compromise of 1820, the Act persuaded Northerners that the South was endeavoring to guarantee slavery’s predominance in the United States. The South observed Northern endeavors to impact Kansas into casting a ballot against bondage as attempting to upset the perceived leverage. The reaction of the demonstration made the Democratic Party split along sectionalist lines and made the Republican Party. This was the Nations first significant gathering made along sectional lines. The new Republican Parties principle objective was to stop the spread of subjection into the new domains. The gathering additionally needed to set up a levy that would secure the nations developing industry; besides they needed to enable poor pioneers to claim the land they settled in. The Southern Democrats made it plentifully certain that if a Republican won the Presidency the South would withdraw from the Union to safeguard its privileges. Soon after the Republican competitor Abraham Lincoln won the appointment of 1860 the South withdrew from the association. The South was anxious about the possibility that that a Republican President would annihilate their entitlement to claim slaves. The Democrats remained fractionalized during the Civil War. The Northern leftovers of the gathering split into three. First was the War Democrats who upheld the common war. Second, the Peace Democrats who needed a snappy political settlement with the South. Third, the Copperheads who straightforwardly contradicted the war and even deceived the Union to support the South. During this time the Republicans framed a brief coalition with the War Democrats, this new gathering was known as the Union Party. They picked a Republican Party presidential competitor with a War Democratic Party bad habit presidential up-and-comer. The Union party, despite the fact that it just went on for the length of the war, was a one of a kind time in American History. Never have two gatherings meet up to help a typical reason dismissing childish ideas of intensity and working past their disparities to safe the country. After the Civil war the Democratic Party rejoined as the primary restriction of the Republican Party. While their presidential up-and-comers have little possibility of being chosen, solid outsiders have advanced ideas and arrangements that were a significant piece of social and political lives. The Populist and Socialist gatherings support for decreased working hours prompted the Fair Labor Standards Act. These two gatherings additionally bolstered a dynamic expense framework that would put together a person’s charge obligation with respect to their measure of pay. This thought prompted the sanction of the sixteenth amendment. The Progressive party, or the Bull Moose party, advanced women’s testimonial and was in the long run bolstered by both Democratic and Republican gatherings which approved the19th Amendment giving ladies the option to cast a ballot. The Socialist Party moreover bolstered a reserve to give transitory remuneration to the jobless. The thought prompted the formation of laws building up joblessness protection and the Social Security Act. The American Independent gathering supported getting extreme on wrongdoing. The Republican Party embraced the thought in its foundation and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act was the outcome. From the Revolution to Reconstruction, ideological groups bound together individuals having a similar essential standards into a methods for change. There has consistently been one gathering in the United States party framework that was consistently a severe mediator of the Constitution and needed to constrain the developing intensity of the government. The other supported a Constitutional understanding utilizing the flexible statement as a method of expanding government power. All through the main portion of American history parties advanced from minor coalitions of accommodation of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to the complex political machines of the Democrats, Whigs, and later the Republicans. In spite of the fact that the names of ideological groups have changed after some time there have consistently been gatherings of individuals joined to facilitate their own ideological finishes. Book index USA Today. The Parties. 999-2000. Pearson Education. Presidential Elections. 1789-2004. 2007. Berg-Anderson, Richard E. A Brief History of American Major Parties. May21, 2001. http://www. thegreenpapers. com/Hx/AmericanMajorParties. html Hockett, Homer Carey. Political and Social Growth of the American People. New York: The Mackmillon Company, 1944. Accumulate, Richard L. Stebbins, Phillip E. Independence and Community. The Pennsy lvania State University, 1975. Hicks, John D. The American Nation. College of California, Berkeley1941. Step by step instructions to refer to Political Party History, Papers

Dissolved Oxygen Essay

Oxygen in Liquids (DISSOLVED OXYGEN) Broken down Oxygen †the measure of disintegrated oxygen in a waterway as a sign of the level of the soundness of water and its capacity to help a fair oceanic biological system. Oxygen †is a reasonable, dreary, unscented, and dull gas that breaks up in water. Little yet significant measures of it are broken down in water. OXYGEN: Aquatic Life Depends on it Plants and Animals rely upon disintegrated oxygen for endurance. Absence of broke up oxygen can make amphibian creatures leave rapidly they are or face demise. Variables Affecting Oxygen Levels Temperature Pace of Photosynthesis Level of Light Penetration (turbidity and water profundity) Level of Water Turbulence or Wave activity The measure of oxygen utilized by breath and rot of natural issue Oxygen in a critical position Broken down Oxygen levels that are at 90% and 110% immersion level or higher reliably thought to be sound or acceptable. On the off chance that the Dissolved Oxygen are underneath 90%, there might be a lot of oxygen requesting materials. What Is Dissolved Oxygen In Water? Disintegrated oxygen in water is crucial for submerged life. It is the thing that amphibian animals need to relax. Why Is Dissolved Oxygen Important? Similarly as we need air to inhale, amphibian life forms need broke up oxygen to breathe. It is fundamental for the endurance of fish, spineless creatures, microscopic organisms, and submerged plants. How Is Dissolved Oxygen Measured? Broken up oxygen focus can be accounted for as milligrams per liter, parts per million, or as percent air immersion. Polarographic Cell It is fundamentally the same as the galvanic cell. Nonetheless, the polarographic cell has two respectable metal cathodes and requires a polarizing voltage to diminish the oxygen. The broke down oxygen in the example diffuses through the film into the electrolyte, which for the most part is a watery KC1 arrangement. In the event that there is a consistent polarizing voltage (normally 0.8 V) over the terminals, the oxygen is diminished at the cathode, and the subsequent current How is corresponding to the oxygen substance of the electrolyte. This present stream is identified as a sign of oxygen content. Galvanic Cell Every galvanic cell comprise of an electrolyte and two cathodes (Figure 8.43c). The oxygen substance of the electrolyte is balanced with that of the example. The response is unconstrained; no outer voltage is applied. In this response, the cathode diminishes the oxygen into hydroxide, consequently discharging four electrons for every atom of oxygen. These electrons cause a present move through the electrolyte.. The size of the present stream is in relation to the oxygen focus in the electrolyte. Course through Cells In the course through cells, the procedure test stream is risen through the electrolyte. The oxygen convergence of the electrolyte is subsequently in harmony with the sample’s oxygen content, and the subsequent particle current between the terminals is illustrative of this focus. These sorts of cells are typically furnished with inspecting comprising of (yet not constrained to) sifting and scouring parts and stream, weight, and temperature controllers. Thallium Cell Thallium cells are to some degree one of a kind in their working guideline and can't be ordered into the class of either galvanic or polarographic cells. Simultaneously, they are of the electrochemical kind. One thallium-anode cell configuration is to some degree comparative in appearance to the unit showed on Figure 8.43c aside from that it has no layer or electrolyte. This phone has a thallium external ring anode and an inward reference terminal. At the point when oxygen contacts the thallium, the potential created by the cell is a capacity ofâ the thallous particle fixation at the essence of the anode, and the particle focus is with respect to the centralization of broke up oxygen. Fluorescence-based Sensor For this situation, a compound containing ruthenium is immobilized in a gas-porous grid called a sol-gel. Sol-gels are exceptionally low-thickness, silica-based grids appropriate for immobilizing substance mixes, for example, the ruthenium compound utilized in this estimation strategy. Viably, the sol-gel is identical to the layer in a traditional DO sensor. Utilizing fiber optics, light from a light-producing diode is moved to the posterior of the sol-gel covering. The transmitted fluorescence is gathered from the posterior of the sol-gel with another optical fiber and its power is identified by photodiode. An improved sensor configuration is appeared in Figure 8.43g. On the off chance that no oxygen is available, the force of the produced light will be at its most extreme worth. In the event that oxygen is available, the fluorescence will be extinguished, and the produced power will diminish. Twinkler Titration The Winkler Method is a procedure used to quantify disintegrated oxygen in freshwater frameworks. Broken up oxygen is utilized as a pointer of the strength of a water body, where higher disintegrated oxygen fixations are connected with high efficiency and little contamination. Temperature Effects Weight Effects Saltiness Effects Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Natural Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a proportion of the oxygen utilized by microorganisms to deteriorate this waste. On the off chance that there is a huge amount of natural waste in the water flexibly, there will likewise be a great deal of microscopic organisms present attempting to deteriorate this waste. For this situation, the interest for oxygen will be high (because of the considerable number of microorganisms) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is devoured or scattered through the water, BOD levels will start to decay. Biochemical oxygen request (BOD) is a measure for the amount of oxygen required for the biodegradation of natural issue (carbonaceous interest) in water.It can likewise show the measure of oxygen used to oxidize decreased types of nitrogen (nitrogenous interest), except if their oxidation is forestalled by an inhibitor. A test is utilized to quantify the measure of oxygen devoured by these life forms during a predetermined timeframe (generally 5 days at 20 ÌŠÌŠÌŠÌŠC). Characterization: Body is devided in two sections which is Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand and the Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand. Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand †it is the measure of oxygen devoured by the microorganisms during deteriorating starch material. Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand †it is the measure of oxygen devoured by the microorganisms during deteriorating nitrogenous materials. Relationship of DO and BOD On the off chance that the Dissolve Oxygen (DO) of a water is high, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)is low. In the event that the BOD of the water is hight, the DO is low.Therefore DO and BOD is contrarily Proportional to one another. Why we should need to know BOD? Body straightforwardly influences the measure of broke down oxygen in waterways and streams. The more prominent the BOD, the more quickly oxygen is exhausted in the stream. This implies less oxygen is accessible to higher types of amphibian life. The results of high BOD are equivalent to those for low broke up oxygen: oceanic life forms become focused on, choke, and bite the dust. Information on oxygen usage of a contaminated water flexibly is significant on the grounds that: 1. It is the proportion of the contamination load, comparative with oxygen usage by other life in the water; 2. It is the methods for foreseeing progress of oxygen consuming disintegration and the measure of self-purging occurring; 3. It is the proportion of the oxygen request load evacuation productivity by various treatment process. Elements that adds to varieties in BOD The Seed Is the bacterial culture that influences the oxidation of materials in the example. On the off chance that the natural seed isn't accustomed to the specific wastewater, wrong outcomes are every now and again got. pH The BOD results are likewise enormously influenced by the pH of the example, particularly on the off chance that it is lower than 6.5 or higher than 8.3. So as to accomplish uniform conditions, the example ought to be cradled to a pH of around 7. Temperature Standard test condition requires a temperature of 20 ÌŠC (68 ÌŠF). field tests regularly require activity at different temperatures and, therefore, the outcomes will in general shift except if temperature adjustments are applied. Poisonousness The nearness of poisonous materials may result increment in the BOD esteem as a particular example is dilluted for the BOD test.Consistent worth might be acquired either by expelling the harmful materials from the example or By building up a seed that is good with the harmful material in the example. Brooding Time The typical standard lab test hatching time is 5 days, results may happen at a level part or happen at a steeply rising portion.Depending on the kind of seed and the sort of oxidable material, unique outcome can be normal. Nitrification In the typical course BOD test, the oxygen utilization rises steeply toward the start of the test attributable to assault on sugar materials. Another sharp increment in oxygen use happens at some point during tenth to fifteenth day in those examples containing nitrogenous materials. How we decide or measure BOD? Five-Day BOD Procedure The BOD test takes 5 days to finish and is performed utilizing a broke down oxygen test pack. The BOD level is controlled by contrasting the DO level of a water test taken quickly with the DO level of a water test that has been hatched in a dim area for 5 days. The distinction between the two DO levels speaks to the measure of oxygen required for the decay of any natural material in the example and is a decent estimate of the BOD level. Test strategies: 1. Take 2 examples of water 2. Record the DO level (ppm) of one promptly utilizing the technique portrayed in the disintegrated oxygen test. 3. Spot the subsequent water test in a hatchery in complete obscurity at 20oC for 5days. In the event that you don’t have a hatchery, wrap the water test bottle in aluminum foil or dark electrical tape and store in a dull spot at room temperature (20 ÌŠC or 68  °F). 4. Following 5 days, take another broke up oxygen perusing (ppm) utilizing the disintegrated oxygen test pack. 5. Take away the Day 5 readin

More thoughts on classes

More thoughts on classes Dear November, 2009: Ive reached the age when self-discoveries are easier to find than my room keys, or the chunk of free time missing from my daily agenda, or even sources of Vitamin C. To start with a simple example- I prefer my classes the way I prefer local fire departments: fast, helpful, and hosing. This semester, 8.07 (Electricity and Magnetism II) takes the proverbial cake for hopscotching around my criteria for likable classes. The first ten weeks or so straddled a slender line between geekishly fun and downright scary. On one hand, its hard to complain about a class where the professor spends 5 minutes playing the Electrostatic Video Game in the middle of his lecture slides* and then inexplicably flings his USB drive into the door using a makeshift rubber-band slingshot. (I believe he was attempting to demonstrate something about tension in field lines, but the lesson was sadly overshadowed by the fact that his USB drive looked pretty expensive.) *All seven people in attendance during this lecture burst into applause as the Positive Charge bounced off a wall, hovered in a precarious moment of unstable equilibrium, and slowly rolled into the target. It was the most breathtaking thing Id ever experienced, but only because I dont have asthma. On the other hand, the class this year was taught backwards, starting with the gnarliest subject in the entirety of 8.07: dipole radiation. Have you ever seen a dipole radiate? The thing spews out enough math to educate a third-world village. } (This is what happens when I stop taking photos. Its supposed to be a graphical representation of an oscillating dipole, alright? As I always say, MIT admissions values tolerance.) On the third hand, there was a warm and cherished moment in 8.07 when the curriculum abruptly leaped from relativistic dipole radiation to Coulombs Law. Did you know that Im probably one of the few people in human history who learned the Liv ©nardâ€"Wiechert formulation of potentials for a moving point charge before learning electrostatics? By the way, the problem set for that particular week was far more bipolar than dipolar: one question was along the lines of, “Find the force on a line charge in a uniform electric field, but use the Maxwell Stress Tensor and do a spherical integral over infinity only after converting your basis vectors into Cartesian. Also, while youre solving easy problems using the hardest method imaginable, carve a turkey using toothpicks, but only after you convert your toothpicks into a small wooden flotilla.” The next question was like, “Find the magnetic field due to a current-carrying wire. HINT: Use Amperes Law!!!11 HINT #2: The circumference of a c ircle is 2*r*pi.” “What about your other physics classes?” you ask. Well, let me prelude my good-humored kvetchfest by remarking that I have nothing to complain about and that it took quite a few yardsticks of imagination to come up with the following criticisms. Its also worth mentioning mention that Im only 35-50%* serious here: please keep in mind that all of the following are, at worst, only as mildly painful as getting punched in the kneecaps by someone wearing mittens. If you want to understand the true heartstabbing pain of MIT, you can also keep in mind that I will be repaying tuition loans for the next ten years. Now, if youll excuse me, I need to go chug a bottle of aspirin. (*Even outside of the esteemed blogging profession, Im around 55% serious at best. By “at best,” I of course mean, “at funerals.”) -8.03 (Vibrations and Waves) is a perfectly reasonable class until you realize that its full of propaganda, just like television (whose existence is due to none other than VIBRATIONS AND WAVES. Coincidence? I think not). According to 8.03, vibrations and waves created light, made the world in six days, rested on Sunday, and then invented evolution, thereby ensuring that thousands of unsuspecting children would continue to buy Pokemon cards (the most expensive of which contain reflective holograms, whose properties are due to none other than VIBRATIONS AND WAVES. Coincidence? I think not.). The first one may actually be true, but I refuse to accept the premise that waves are mankinds only remaining hope for salvation. I mean, otherwise, Barack Obama wouldnt have won the Nobel Peace Prize, right?. No OCW am I, but heres my stab at summarizing the 8.03 course material: -A wave on a spring is a wave. -A wave on a rope is a wave. -A wave in a pipe is a wave. -A wave on a transmission line is a wave. -A wave in vacuum is a wave. -A wave is also called a vibration sometimes. Did I tell you the name of this class, by the way? -8.033 (Relativity): I will heartlessly say that 8.033 makes electricity and magnetism look like clumsy squash players stumbling around in a ballroom full of elegant, waltzing kinematics, firstly because I hate playing/eating squash and secondly because I think this is some sort of metaphor or whatever. In the first half of the course, each lovely transformation and kinematics equation was tastefully attired in immaculate thought experiments before its initiation into the polite society of established physics. Yet as soon as EM clodhopped into the room, dripping with murky math and shod in raggedy logic, the exalted sophistication of relativity spiraled down the metaphorical toilet of terrible curriculum design. You could hear the flush as soon as we started transforming Coulombs Law in like 32939 different scenarios of relative motion between source charge and test charge. Introducing EM by applying the force transformation laws to Coulomb was like smearing dirt over the brilliant c onnections between EM and Special Relativity. Why not link the fields to the intrinsic properties of space and time, and then deduce how they must look to an observer moving at relativistic speeds, such as Lance Armstrong? To be fair, we probably discussed this in recitation for about 20 minutes. Lance Armstrong, that is. (Just kidding. I can assure you that we learn more about cyclic permutations than cyclist permutations in 8.033 recitation.) Also, the flavortext (yes, flavortext) on the Problem Sets is about as straightforward as the nonexistent Star Trek episode written by Richard Nixon. Example: Buckethead and Ry Cooder, two guitar masters who are completely unrelated and look nothing at all alike, meet at Antones, the famous blues club in Austin. Ry is scheduled to play the first one-hour set, with Buckethead immediately to follow. To while away the time, Buckethead hops in his motorized chicken coop and drives west at con- stant acceleration a = (5=3) ¬ £ 106 m=s2 for precisely 30 minutes (as measured by his dashboard clock) at which point he slams on the breaks, stopping the coop almost instantly, turns around, and drives back, again at constant acceleration a. After precisely one hour on his clock he arrives back at Antones, slams on the breaks again, and walks in for his set smack on time. Importantly, all along his trip, Buckethead maintained a perfect soulful C on his monster Jackson King V. Meanwhile, back at Antones, Ry plays an awesome set, closing with his classic version of Woodie Guthries Vigilante Man (as recorded on Into the Purple Valley). As the song ends, perfectly on time, he holds out the last note, keeping it ringing until Buckethead walks back in at the end of his trip. Note: some details about the real world you should neglect in solving this problem: ¬= The earth is round. Lets treat it as flat and infnite { bucketheads coop always stays in contact with the ground. ¬= Since a is roughly 20,000 g, the acceleration would crush any human inside the coop. Dont worry, Buckethead is not human. ¬= To stop the coop on a dime would require absurdly wonderful breaks. Yes, its an awesome chicken coop. Dare I venture any further comment? You know that somethings awry with your problem set when the hardest part of the question is figuring out that its a question. Anyway, the moral of the story is that physics can be crushing, but theres nothing to worry about. Buckethead is not human.

Lieutenant General John Burgoyne in the American Revolution

General John Burgoyne was a noted 18th century British Army officer who is best remembered for his defeat at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. First seeing service during the War of the Austrian Succession, he later earned fame as a cavalry officer and leader during the Seven Years War. In this period, he formed his own cavalry unit and commanded troops in Portugal. With the beginning of the American Revolution in 1775, Burgoyne was one of several officers dispatched to Boston. Seeing little opportunity in the post, Burgoyne departed and returned to North America the following year with reinforcements for Canada. While there, he conceived of the idea for what would become the Saratoga Campaign. Given permission to move forward in 1777, his army was ultimately blocked, defeated, and captured by American forces. Paroled, Burgoyne returned to Britain in disgrace. General John Burgoyne Rank: GeneralService: British ArmyNickname(s): Gentleman JohnnyBorn: February 24, 1722 in Sutton, EnglandDied: August 4, 1792 in London, EnglandParents: Captain John Burgoyne and Anna Maria BurgoyneSpouse: Charlotte StanleyChildren: Charlotte Elizabeth BurgoyneConflicts: Seven Years War, American RevolutionKnown For: Battle of Saratoga (1777) Early Life Born February 24, 1722 at Sutton, England, John Burgoyne was the son of Captain John Burgoyne and his wife Anna. There is some thought that the young Burgoyne may have been the illegitimate son of Lord Bingley. Burgoynes godfather, Bingley specified in his will that the young man should receive his estate if his daughters failed to produce any male heirs. Beginning in 1733, Burgoyne began attending the Westminster School in London. While there, he befriended Thomas Gage and James Smith-Stanley, Lord Strange. In August 1737, Burgoyne entered the British Army by purchasing a commission in the Horse Guards. Early Career Based in London, Burgoyne became known for his fashionable uniforms and earned the nickname Gentleman Johnny. A known gambler, Burgoyne sold his commission in 1741. Four years later, with Britain involved in the War of the Austrian Succession, Burgoyne returned to the army by obtaining cornets commission in the 1st Royal Dragoons. As the commission was newly created, he was not required to pay for it. Promoted to lieutenant later that year, he took part in the Battle of Fontenoy that May and made repeated charges with his regiment. In 1747, Burgoyne pulled together sufficient funds to purchase a captaincy. Elopement With the wars end in 1748, Burgoyne began courting Stranges sister, Charlotte Stanley. After his proposal of marriage was blocked by Charlottes father, Lord Derby, the couple elected to elope in April 1751. This action infuriated Derby who was a prominent politician and he cut off his daughters financial support. Lacking active service, Burgoyne sold his commission for  £2,600 and the couple began traveling around Europe. Spending extensive time in France and Italy, he became friends with the Duc de Choiseul who would later oversee French policy during the Seven Years War. Additionally, while in Rome, Burgoyne has his portrait painted by famed Scottish artist Allan Ramsay.   Following the birth of their only child, Charlotte Elizabeth, the couple elected to return to Britain. Arriving in 1755, Strange interceded on their behalf and the couple reconciled with Lord Derby. Using his influence, Derby aided Burgoyne in obtaining a captaincy in the 11th Dragoons in June 1756. Two years later he moved to the Coldstream Guards and ultimately achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel. With the Seven Years War raging, Burgoyne took part in the June 1758 raid on St. Malo. Landing in France, his men remained for several days while British forces burned French shipping. 16th Dragoons Later that year, Burgoyne went ashore during Captain Richard Howes raid on Cherbourg. This saw British forces land and successfully storm the town. A proponent of light cavalry, Burgoyne was appointed to command the 16th Dragoons, one of two new light regiments, in 1759. Rather than delegate recruiting duties, he directly oversaw the construction of his unit and personally courted the landed gentry in Northamptonshire to become officers or encourage others to enlist. To entice potential recruits, Burgoyne advertised that his men would have the finest horses, uniforms, and equipment. A popular commander, Burgoyne encouraged his officers to mix with their troops and desired his enlisted men to be free thinking in battle. This approach was enshrined in a revolutionary code of conduct he wrote for the regiment. Additionally, Burgoyne encouraged his officers to take time each day to read and encouraged them to learn French as the best military texts were in that language. Portugal In 1761, Burgoyne was elected to Parliament representing Midhurst. A year later, he was dispatched to Portugal with the rank of brigadier general. Following the loss of Almeida to the Spanish, Burgoyne boosted Allied moral and earned fame for his capture of Valencia de Alcà ¡ntara. That October, he again triumphed when he defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Vila Velha. In the course of the fighting, Burgoyne directed Lieutenant Colonel Charles Lee to attack a Spanish artillery position which was successfully captured. In recognition of his service, Burgoyne received a diamond ring from the King of Portugal and later had his portrait painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. With the end of the war, Burgoyne returned to Britain and in 1768 was again elected to Parliament. An effective politician, he was named the governor of Fort William, Scotland in 1769. Outspoken in Parliament, he became concerned about Indian affairs and regularly attacked Robert Clive as well as corruption in the East India Company. His efforts ultimately led to the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 which worked to reform the companys management. Promoted to major general, Burgoyne wrote plays and verse in his spare time. In 1774, his play The Maid of the Oaks was staged at the Drury Lane Theater. American Revolution With the beginning of the American Revolution in April 1775, Burgoyne was dispatched to Boston along with Major Generals William Howe and Henry Clinton. Though he did not take part in the Battle of Bunker Hill, he was present at the Siege of Boston. Feeling the assignment lacked opportunity, he elected to return home in November 1775. The following spring, Burgoyne led the British reinforcements which arrived in Quebec. Serving under Governor Sir Guy Carleton, Burgoyne aided in driving American forces from Canada. Critical of Carletons cautiousness after the Battle of Valcour Island, Burgoyne sailed for Britain. Arriving, he began lobbying Lord George Germain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, to approve his campaign plans for 1777. These called for a large British army to advance south from Lake Champlain to capture Albany. This would be supported by a smaller force approaching from the west via the Mohawk Valley. The final element would see Howe advance north up the Hudson River from New York. Planning for 1777 The cumulative effect of the campaign would be to sever New England from the rest of the American Colonies. This plan was approved by Germain in early 1777 despite word from Howe that he intended to march against Philadelphia that year. Confusion exists as to when Germain informed Burgoyne that participation by British forces in New York City would be limited at best. As Clinton had been defeated at Charleston, SC in June 1776, Burgoyne was able to secure command of the northern invasion force. Arriving in Canada on May 6, 1777, he assembled an army of over 7,000 men. The Saratoga Campaign Initially delayed by transport issues, Burgoynes army did not begin moving up Lake Champlain until late June. As his forces advanced on the lake, Colonel Barry St. Legers command moved west to execute the thrust through the Mohawk Valley. Believing the campaign would be simple, Burgoyne was soon dismayed when few Native Americans and Loyalists joined his forces. Arriving at Fort Ticonderoga in early July, he quickly compelled Major General Arthur St. Clair to abandon the post. Sending troops in pursuit of the Americans, they defeated part of St. Clairs forces at Hubbardton on July 7. Regrouping, Burgoyne pushed south towards Forts Anne and Edward. His advance was slowed by American forces which felled trees and burned bridges along the route. In mid-July, Burgoyne received word from Howe that he intended to sail for Philadelphia and would not be coming north. This bad news was compounded by a rapidly worsening supply situation as the army lacked sufficient transport that could traverse the regions rough roads. In mid-August, Burgoyne dispatched a force of Hessians on a foraging mission. Meeting American troops, they were badly defeated at Bennington on August 16. The defeat bolstered American morale and caused many of Burgoynes Native Americans to leave. The British situation further deteriorated when St. Leger was defeated at Fort Stanwix and forced to retreat. Surrender of Burgoyne by John Trumbull. Photograph Courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol Defeat at Saratoga Learning of St. Legers defeat on August 28, Burgoyne elected to cut his supply lines and quickly drive on Albany with the goal of making winter quarters there. On September 13, his army began crossing the Hudson just north of Saratoga. Pushing south, it soon encountered American forces led by Major General Horatio Gates which had entrenched on Bemis Heights. On September 19, American forces led by Major General Benedict Arnold and Colonel Daniel Morgan defeated Burgoynes men at Freemans Farm. With their supply situation critical, many of the British commanders recommended a retreat. Unwilling to fall back, Burgoyne again attacked on October 7. Defeated at Bemis Heights, the British withdrew to their camp. In the wake of the action, American forces surrounded Burgoynes position. Unable to break out, he surrendered on October 17. Later Career Paroled, Burgoyne returned to Britain in disgrace. Attacked by the government for his failures, he attempted to reverse the accusations by blaming Germain for failing to order Howe to support his campaign. Unable to obtain a court martial to clear his name, Burgoyne changed political allegiances from the Tories to the Whigs. With the Whig ascent to power in 1782, he returned to favor and served as commander in chief in Ireland and a privy councillor. Leaving government a year later, he effectively retired and focused on literary pursuits. Burgoyne died suddenly at his Mayfair home on June 3, 1792. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.

Pusan Perimeter and Invasion of Incheon Map

Film Analysis-Spartacus, Full Metal Jacket Free Essays

Having viewed in class five of Stanley Kubrick’s films and a documentary about him, a decent understanding of Kubrick’s process and vision is learnt; the two films Spartacus and Full Metal Jacket were the most inspirational and significan films of the bunch. Spartacus is about a rebellious (slave of the same name) purchased by Lentulus Batiatus, owner of a school for gladiators. For the entertainment of corrupt Roman senator Marcus Licinius Crassus, Batiatus’ gladiators fight to the death. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Analysis-Spartacus, Full Metal Jacket or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the night before the event, the enslaved are â€Å"treated† with female companionship. Spartacus refuses to engage with Varinia, a slave from Brittania, and they form a sturdy relationship. When Spartacus later learns that Varinia has been sold to Crassus, along with the murders of his brothers (the slaves forced to fight), this ignites a burning desire inside him, a yearning to seek freedom. He leads fellow gladiators in revolt, and they flee out of Italy collecting money as they go, in order to buy sea transportation from the pirates of Cilicia. They are united by additional runaways, which transform the rogue slaves into a colossal army; escaping to join his cause is Varinia, who has fallen in love with Spartacus, and Antoninus. Crassus bribes the pirates to abandon Spartacus and pushes them toward Rome, were panic that Spartacus means to attack the city, causes the Senate to give Crassus absolute power. In the battle, most of the slave army is killed by Crassus’ forces. Afterward, when the Romans try to locate Spartacus, every surviving man shields him by shouting â€Å"I’m Spartacus! Varinia and her new son are held prisoner by Crassus who forces Spartacus to fight Antoninus to the death, the survivor is to be crucified, along with all the other men captured after the battle. Spartacus wins the match and is crucified, this leaves Spartacus with the potential to become a martyr. Batiatus rescues Spartacus’ family from Crassus and carries them away to freedom. Varinia is able to comfort him in his dyin g moments by showing him his little son, who will grow up without ever having been a slave. The movie was created to depict the brutal and unforgiving Roman Empire and the hardships the average slave could endure every day. It also shows anti slavery propaganda and the story not only of one’s man’s quest to revolt against his oppressors and to rise up from a state of disempowerment, but more importantly it is a story which offers hope and strength to mankind. The act of sacrifice is a dominant theme in the film and is essential to the idea of Spartacus’ character. Sacrifice is first seen before the revolt when the Draba, after defeating Spartacus in battle, refuses to kill Spartacus and instead sacrifices himself by attempting to attack Crassus. It this act inspires Spartacusand his actions for the rest of the film. Spartacus also proclaims during the film that everything he has done will be a success if his son can be born free, regardless of whether Spartacus is killed or not. In the final act of sacrifice Spartacus is crucified, sharing similarities with Jesus and his sacrifice for all mankind. Associated with sacrifice is the fight for freedom. Sacrifice is knowing that there might be a point were things must be used for the greater good and dying is a possibility, while fighting for freedom is having the courage to stand up for beliefs, never backing down and starting the movement to end oppression. This is shown when Spartacus is crucified, becoming a martyr and thus creating his legend. The path to freedom is the one goal that all the slaves had in common the thing that kept them united and strong. It gave them the strentgh to continue their journey and put everything on the line, with hope for the future as the backbone of their fighting spirit. This is put in the film to show the power that one man can create when uniting people under a common goal. In our society freedom is everything, without it we would all be the same, with no individuality or passion, not truly being alive. This helps the audience relate to the slaves and form a connection with them as they too would be quite upset if they were in the same coditions. The film takes a strong look at political lobbying and the corruption of goverment. In our society many feel as if the goverment tries to control and limit their freedoms, while the poloticians are greedy and many don’t come through on the promises they make. They are seen as untrustworthy and unhelpful causeing many to try to take actions into their own hands. The film shows how people of political status abused their power and used any means to achieve their goals. This is shown constantly throught out the film, one example is how Crassus and his rival Gracchus fight over control of the Roman army when the Roman Senate sees Spartacus and crew as a threat. Gracchus own protege, a young Julius Caesar goes over to Crassus, when Gracchus reveals that he has bribed the Cilicians to get Spartacus out of Italy and rid Rome of the slave army. Kubrick wanted to show modern people how Rome’s republic and upperclasses were much more cutthroat and savage than our own, but at the same time not that dissimilar to the average modern poloticians in today’s world. Some people may view Spartacus and frown upon the savage slavery and brutality of the ancient world, but the fight for freedom from oppression and the common man rising to greatness through bravery is something that will forever be remember and celebrated by all cultures. The second film Full Metal Jacket begins by following a platoon of Marine Corps recruits, focusing on the relationship between Sergeant Hartman and Privates Pyle and Joker. The second chapter continues with Joker, and how he joined the Corps to become a killer, but is mostly behind the scenes, as a combat correspondent. This is interupted when the Tet offensive puts him in real combat and tests him on his real worth as a soilder, and if he really is a killer. Full Metal Jacket demonstrates the psychological break down of the soilders, as seen with the transformation of the character Pvt. Pyle. He comes to the Marine Corps as a naive, harmless young man who is guided by the belief that he is serving his country. Due to his failings of performing the tasks presented to him, he is constantly verbally and physically insulted by the drill instructor, Sgt. Hartman. Along with the torment from his drill instructor Pyle recieves additional abuse from his fellow recrits, beauase of the punishments they recieve due to his failures. In retaliation, the platoon hazes Pyle with a blanket party, restraining him to his bunk and beating him with bars of soap wrapped in towels. Joker, the Pvt. Squad leader, seeks to help Pyle, but as Pyle starts to become more productive, Joker recognizes signs of mental breakdown in Pyle, such as him talking to his M14 rifle. The internal struggle in the mind, is a characteristic of every human being, one that all can relate to. Humans all contain that good verses evil, that little devil on the left shoulder and the angle on the right. Kubrick uses this to make the audience sympathetic towards Pyle, but also for them to really think about what the story is trying to show and how this also plays a role in their lives. Private Joker had on his helmet â€Å"Born to kill† but on his uniform he had a peace symbol. This was an incredible symbolic representation of the film because it was exactly what Kubrick was trying to establish in the audiences minds; the change in ones mind during war and the struggle that continues to take place during war between good and evil were represented between the born to kill on his helmet and the peace symbol on his chest. Joker can be seen as another victim of war, due to his being inthe back, when he finally kills someone, he achieves the thousand-yard stare, a limp, unfocused gaze of a battle-weary soldier. The film is successful in providing a perspective glance at the trials of a soldier. Like with most war movies, it relies heavely on powerful imagery; the film also adds the sense of â€Å"thereness† at boot camp, the sickening feeling from the sight of dead bodies, and the perspective from an enemy sniper. They force you to look at the world and don’t let you look away, or pretend, when things are gruesome, or violent, or terrible. Full Metal Jacket’ examines the morality of war and military existence. This was significant because it showed one how much the United States Military officials had to change ones mind set and character to be able to fight and kill men, women and children who were just defending their country in a country that no one was used to and that some did not even know was there. The audience leaves the film with Kubrick’s selective snapshot of the Marine Corps and of Vietnam, hopefully with some sense of a soldier’s reaction to it all. How to cite Film Analysis-Spartacus, Full Metal Jacket, Papers

Fostering Reflective Capacity Education †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Fostering Reflective Capacity Education. Answer: Introduction: The reflective writing is considered as an analytical practice which is characterized by the personal experience, events, opinions and the new information so that a level of self-knowledge can be achieved (Armstrong et al. 2014). It is being written in first person and the writer usually revisits the particular scenario concerned and expresses the concerned meanings or emotions. A lot of additional learning is being revealed and it is often referred to as the processing phase in which thinking takes place. The reflective writing demands that one is able to bring in valuable knowledge to each experience. It acts an important connection between what is known already and what is being learnt at present. The reflective writing is an excellent process of becoming aware, active and critical learner. The reflective writing is not always used for revealing personal information but is also used for writing in response of gaining new information. This kind of writing is used both for academic as well as non-academic purposes. The reflective writing is usually informal, however, on certain occasions like cover letter or case report, it can be formal also. The reflective writing is also good for idea generation and gathers number of ideas on the same topic. The topic is concerned with the consideration which is associated with the HR planning process of various events. The HR planning is concerned with the minute details of the attributes of manpower planning process along with the HR strategy and objectives (Nagendra and Deshpande 2014). The guiding strategies for the human resource planning for the events should be noted well. I have learnt the fact the HR planning for the events is a completely different one and it is usually different from the usual HR planning processes take place in the organizations. I have learnt the fact that in order to have a massive and successful event, it is important to plan the HR processes well. I have learnt the essential concepts of the course through the help of reading the lecture slides. The class notes helped me to have a clear idea about the topic and its essential steps. The audiovisual tools helped me to grab the idea of topic in a clear manner. I have realized the fact that the events are complex in nature and they have a lot of stakeholders that are involved in it. This requires the intervention of an effective HR process for which a subsequent level of planning should be done. Without the knowledge of the planning process of HR tasks, it would be difficult to coordinate between the various tasks of the events. I have learnt that there are around eight steps for planning the HR processes during an event. This starts from the HR planning context and end at the evaluation of the planning process. The manpower needed to function an event can be planned by the help of the theory learnt in this course module. The topic on strategic planning is about the process concerned with the goal of the event or the organization and how to achieve the same. The strategic planning can be considered as one of the most important organizational management activity in which there is setting of priorities, resources and the strengthening the operational processes (Cassidy 2016). I have learnt from this topic that the strategic planning process in the event organizations is important and it should be customized based on the changing circumstances of the external as well as internal environment. I have learnt the complex process of strategy planning and important steps associated with it. I have learnt about the key attributes of the feasibility study. I have learnt not only the strategic planning process but I have also learnt about the different types of organizational structures that are evident in the organizations. This would help me to devise organizational strategies in a better manner. The main challenge I faced was that I didnt get any practical orientation of the organizational structures. The strategic plan is the foundation of any event and it is performed before the conceptualization of an event. The mission statement of the event can be applied to the stage when the event is conceptualized and subsequent planning is done. The topic for this module is working in teams which are involved with sustaining commitment, urgency and motivation among the workplace employees. The people in the same organization are said to perform together in order to achieve common organizational goals (Coyle and Croker 2014). I have learnt the various characteristics of teams and how they function in a typical workplace environment. Some of the common team myths have been identified and I have also learnt the various positive as well as negative attributes of team cohesion. I have learnt the various stages of the team development and the various decision-making options. The various conflicts based situations and their causes are also identified. I have learnt the theoretical attributes of the team work from the lecture slides and I have learnt about the practical aspects of the team work when I was working with my colleagues. We worked in teams of five people, when I actually learnt about the attributes of team cohesion. I should know about the various benefits of team work. I have witnessed that successful team work is responsible for higher team productivity and the successful accomplishment of the organizational objectives. It is important to know about team work as it encourages innovation as well as creativity in the team. If I am unaware of the team work, then I would not be able to manage conflicts that arise in a team. An event comprises of number of members, processes, stakeholders and large number of operating units, which needs to be managed well. Each unit is mutually dependant on the others and hence it is important to apply the principles of team work here. After going through the course, I would be able to understand the key attributes of various key concepts such as team work, HR planning and the strategic planning process of the organization. Earlier, I used to give least attention to the HR planning process as well as strategic planning process, but now I have realized the importance of these processes in an event. I would engage in the manpower planning and planning of the major deliverables in the event as it would increase the effectiveness of the event. I have learnt the fact it is important to aid in conflict resolution as conflicts tend to reduce the productivity of the team. I have understood the importance of team work and how to make team cohesion. I have realized the fact that team cohesion has clear expectations, positive energy exchange of ideas, resolve of disputes and open communication between all the key stakeholders. I have also learnt how to balance various kinds of conflicts arising in the team. I have learnt the attributes of the goal-setting process of the organization. I would ask my colleagues to use the process of SMART objectives so that an effective goal can be made. I have done the various attributes of the situational analysis and would ask my team mates to use SWOT process when analyzing a particular business situation. I have also learnt the various details of the staffing needs of the events and how job analysis is done. I have learnt the different stages of the HR planning process for an event. I would use the various information learnt from this course in my future career. I would use the HR planning process to plan my manpower and the event process. I would also use the principles learnt in this course to manage various levels of conflicts. References Armstrong, G.A., Kofman, A., Sharpless, J.J., Anthony, D. and Wald, H.S., 2014. Bringing our whole person to whole person care: Fostering reflective capacity with interactive reflective writing in health professions education.International Journal of Whole Person Care,1(1). Cassidy, A., 2016.A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Coyle, J. and Croker, A., 2014. Working in Teams. InHealth Practice Relationships(pp. 65-74). SensePublishers. Nagendra, A. and Deshpande, M., 2014. Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) in HR planning and development in mid to large sized organizations.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,133, pp.61-67.

Todays Mafia Essays - Gambino Crime Family, John Gotti, Jerry Capeci

Today's Mafia Although many arrests have been made, organized crime and the Mafia are still very active. Organized crime and its families, particularly the Italian mafia, have increased their illegal activities significantly over the past few decades. The Mafia and organized crime go hand and hand, one cannot be spoken without the other. Both of these forms of criminal actions have been recognized since the late 1800's, and police say it is not disappearing too fast. (Widener 6) Migration from Italy, has brought over many Italian criminals and crime tactics. The Italian Mafia has always been based on the island of Sicily and the southern mainland provinces of Calabria and Campania. (Worsnop 273) Traffic in drugs, chiefly heroin, provides the bulk of the Italian Mafia's revenue from Sicily. Cocaine is becoming more important, however, as drug lords from Colombia try to expand beyond the Americas. To gain a foothold in Europe, the Colombians have got to strike deals with the Mafia, which ironically guards its home turf. (273) Italy in general, has added to the crime list of the Mafia for over 100 years. The famous Al Capone, the Italian-American gangster of the Prohibition era, also known as Scarface because of a knife cut to his cheek. (Nash 79) He was born Alphonse Capone in Naples, Italy, and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He left school at an early age and spent nearly ten years hanging-out with gangs. In the 1920's he took over a Chicago organization dealing in illegal liquor, gambling, and prostitution from the gangster Johnny Torrio. (80) Convicted of income tax evasion in 1931 and sentenced to 11 years in prison, he was released in 1939. After obtaining syphilis, he went on to reside in Miami Beach, Florida. (80) Many Italian families are a major influence on the organized crime melting pot. Families such as the Colombo's, the Gambino's, the Bannanno's, and the Luchesse's have migrated from Italy, and play an important role in the organized crime system. (Worsnop 267) The Colombo family, which consists of approximately 100 members is currently led by Victor Orena. Victor is currently acting as boss due to the absence of Carmine Persico, who is serving a prison sentence for racketeering. (268) The Colombo families main activities include loan sharking, gambling, smuggling, and narcotics. This family guides much of its attention to the states of Florida and Texas. (Inman E2) The Gambino Family is the largest Mafia Family in the United States. This family has over 500 members and are located throughout the nation. Although indicted this family is still managed by John Gotti. Most of the focus of this family is on contracted killings, gambling, narcotics, and extortion. The focus of this family is nationwide. (E1) The Bannanno and the Luchesse families do not play as an important role in the organized crime melting pot as the Colombo and Gambino families do. (Worsnop 279) Both families combined for about 200 members. The main focus of criminal activity between the families are counterfeiting and pornography. This mostly spreads throughout most of the southwestern portion of the U.S. (Inman E2) Although New York seems to be the place where most Mafia action occurs, many other areas are influenced by the Mafia. Many people think that the Mafia only exists in New York. Astonishing enough New York is ranked nineteen out of twenty-five on the list of most active organized crime cities. Cities like San Jose, Kansas City, Milwaukee, and Rockford, Ill., rank within the top ten. (Trimble 30) Some major crimes committed in the smaller cities are credit-card fraud, hijacking, prostitution, and drugs. (30) Some illegal business fronts include Nightclubs, Fast-food outlets, trucking, and garbage collection. (30) In the international Melting Pot of organized crime, has many different cultures. Such groups as the Chinese Triads, the Japanese Yakuza, and the Vietnamese Gangs, whom all base their sect along the same lines of the New York Mafia families. (Worsnop 270) The Chinese Triads are secret societies which were formed to overthrow the Ching Dynasty (Chinese government) in the early 1900's. (270) It was soon reintroduced again in the 1990's. Some of the crimes related to the Chinese include extortion, gambling, and smuggling of narcotics and aliens. (270) The Japanese Yakuza

Agricutural Reveloution essays

Agricutural Reveloution essays This video was about the development of mankind and how agriculture helped develop mankind. Agriculture and production of food began about 10,000 years ago. Hence, the world population could not have grown without the agricultural revolution. Without the development of agriculture, the modern and urban society would not have developed. Early man hunted fish, dug for nuts, and gathered crops. But today we take everything for granted. However, instead of gathering, men and woman cultivated the crops. The beginning of plants are connected to climatic change, however some people in Alaska, Africa, India still hunt for their food. Today's farmers are descendents of previous settlers but since we have the availability of products we take everything for granted. For example, foods from different parts of the world and especially canned foods. The early farmers would get the best grain and plant them, this was serial cultivation. The introduction of farming spread vastly, and then advanced into Europe. A variety of animals were domesticated in different parts of the world such as goats, sheep, donkey, pig, and horse. So the dimensions of humans completely changed, once agriculture began people were tied into their land. Agriculture made diversity as communities spread. The demand of agriculture called for greater cooperation. Overall, I thought this video was good. It explained how crops were cultivated and planted and once agriculture got started how people changed their ways. This video gave an accurate understanding of principles on cultivation. Personally, The Agricultural Revolution was an easy to understand and descriptive video. ...

Economic Crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Economic Crisis - Assignment Example However, in order to achieve a sustained level of increase in the aggregate output level, it is important that the government must take efforts which can stabilize the economy. Over the period of time, the overall quantum and level of public debt have increased to a greater length within the UK. Higher public debt levels along with extra reliance on credit by the private sector have resulted in significant economic problems for the UK as an economy. (BBC.co.uk , 2011) This economic situation of UK, therefore, required a rebalancing of an economy with the reconsideration of both the fiscal as well as monetary policies adopted by the current government of David Cameron. The changes in the fiscal policies of the government were aimed at improving the public finances in medium-term whereas changes brought in within monetary policy framework were aimed to disciplining the financial sector to play an active and positive role for the overall growth of the economy. The overall policy focus is on improving the health of the economy which has weakened in the wake of a current economic crisis. One of the key policy measures was the changes in the overall taxation system within the country wherein government attempted to further rationalize the tax system. The overall aim of this was to further increase the efficiency of the tax system while at the same time achieves the necessary growth in the economy by increasing government revenue and reducing the tax burden on the private sector of the country. The government announced a system reduction in the main tax rate while further tax concessions have been given to both large as well as small businesses. This reduction is tax rate may be aimed at improving the profitability of the firms while at the same time allowing them to expand and grow in order to increase the level of investment within the economy. Lower tax rates will result in a price reduction which can invariably reduce inflation.

Inclusion - Special Educational Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inclusion - Special Educational Needs - Essay Example and b., in the absence of the special educational provisions (Sec. 312 Education Act 1996) (Blackpool Council, 2009) educational provisions that are in addition to or happen to be inherently different from the educational provisions extended to the other students of the same age group in the academic institutions run by the Local Authorities (Blackpool Council, 2009). There are many children who face learning disabilities of one kind or other during their school years. Children having special educational needs may require extra help while dealing with a range of areas in their schools that include: Generally speaking, making provisions for the children with special educational needs in the secondary education is a very humane approach towards education and is in consonance with the contemporary Western ideals pertaining to education. Every child deserves a chance to make the best of his/her abilities and the inherent disabilities in no way should hamper a child from pursuing proper education and academic aspirations. However, the concept of SEN took a relatively long time to become an integral part of the British education system. The Education Act of 1944 strived to define special educational needs in terms of concrete and discernable medical disabilities. The Warnock Report of 1978 that preceded the 1981 Education Act revolutionized the concept of special educational needs, that became much more inclusive in its approach and aspired to define the learning disabilities in terms of the "common educational goals for all children" (House of Commons Educational and Skills Committee, 2005: 11). The ensuing legislations stressed upon the need for not discriminating against the children with special educational needs. However, the 1981 Education Act failed to make ample financial provisions for statementing and teacher training. Through out the 90s despite the existence of Warnock Framework, there was a marked decline in the number of children in special schools and a steady rise in the number of children identified as having special educational needs (House of Commons Educational and Skills Committee, 2005: 13). T he Labour government tried to align the state standing in consonance with the UN Statement on Special Needs Education 1994, in the form of 1997 Green Paper 'Excellence for All Children Meeting Special Educational Needs (House of Commons Education and Skills Committee, 2005: 11). Thus for the first time the state tried to make a genuine and sincere effort to incorporate the

Estimate Waterfowl Nests on Monte Vista National Wildlife

Estimate Waterfowl Nests on Monte Vista National Wildlife USING DISTANCE SAMPLING TO ESTIMATE WATER FOWL NESTS ON MONTE VISTA  NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, COLORADO, USA Principal Investigator Nicole J. Traub, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, 275 UCB, A Research Proposal Project  Justification Measuring nest success is extremely important in order to determine the well-being of avian  populations. Biologists have been attempting to infer the status of avian species by estimating rates of births and deaths to determine population growth and stability (Johnson, 1979; Newson et al., 2008). One measure of avian birth rate that is easy to gauge is the percentage of nests that hatch, which is used as an indirect measure of reproduction (Johnson, 1979). Nest success rates can also be used to hypothesis causes for declines in avian populations, i.e. habitat degradation,  predation, overhunting, disease, environmental contaminants, etc. (Beauchamp et al., 1996). Nest success is defined as a nest in which at least one egg hatched and the presence of detached shell membranes is the best evidence that eggs hatched (Klett et al., 1986). Nest failure usually results from predation but they may have been abandoned if the hens are disturbed during the early stages of egg laying (Klett et al., 1986). Transect sampling is widely used by wildlife managers and researchers to estimate population sizes of inanimate and animate objects (Newson et al., 2008). Transect studies designed to estimate inanimate object population size, such as waterfowl nests, usually proceed as follows: the area to be sampled is defined; random (or systematic) transect lines are placed throughout the area; transects are searched to record the detection of the study object (Anderson and Pospahala,  1970). Bias is unavoidable in population size (density) estimates; therefore, it is important to recognize the source(s) of bias and adjust for them. An important source of bias lies in the transect sampling methods themselves. If some objects are not detected, then the expanded population estimate will be lower than the true population size unless adjustments are made (Burnham et al., 1980; Buckland et al., 2001). This source of bias is very important when detecting objects that are small, secretive, or well con cealed; however, when detecting large or inanimate objects, this source of bias may be of little importance (Anderson and Pospahala,  1970). The basic output from line transect sampling is the encounter rate, which is the number of detections per distance walked. This method can be used to estimate relative density but it does not account for detectability which can vary depending on the study object and habitat (Marshall et al., 2008). In order to compensate for incomplete counts and problems with detectability, one can measure the distance from the transect to each observation (distance sampling) (Burnham and Anderson, 1984). The sample population is then the area sampled rather than the objects of interest. For example, the population sampled is a population of line transects in a given area, each line transect is a sample unit, and the object of interest (waterfowl nests) is the variate associated with each transect (Anderson and Posahala, 1970; Marshall et al., 2008). Four assumptions must be met in order to make valid inferences about population densities using distance sampling (in order of importance): (1) all objects that fall on the transect line are detected with certainty; (2) objects do not move either away from or towards the observer prior to detection; (3) perpendicular distance data are measure accurately; and (4) all detections are independent of each other (Burnham and Anderson, 1984; Buckland et al., 2001). These assumptions can be violated in many ways including, but not limited to, inexperienced or untrained observers, lack of interest in the observer, fatigue, speed of travel down the transect, transect width, habitat type, time of day, season, sun angle, inclement weather, object size, shape, coloration, and habits (Burnham and Anderson, 1984; Buckland et al., 2001; Marshall et al., 2008). Both strip transects and line transects can be useful measures of population density. However, the key difference between them is that density can be estimated using line transects based on distance without some of the bias innate to strip transects. Line transects require only the perpendicular distance to the object. In contrast, strip transect density estimates are usually low because not all objects in the strip are detected (Burnham et al., 1980; Burnham and Anderson,  1984; Buckland et al., 2001). A previous study completed on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge (Anderson and Posahala, 1970) estimated waterfowl nest density using strip transects with a narrow width (8.25 ft. each side). This method is impractical and inefficient for sampling large areas since an insufficient number of objects may be detected after covering great distances (Anderson and Posahala, 1970). In contrast, this project proposes to utilize distance sampling with systematically placed line transects to obtain a full waterfowl nest census in order to determine nest distribution, nest success, and nest density. Objectives The purpose of this study is to test the possibility of employing a distance-based sampling  protocol utilizing line transects to estimate waterfowl nest density. Specifically, the objectives are to: 1. Evaluate and expand upon previous density estimates of waterfowl nests in the  Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge. 2. Determine if line transect sampling is more efficient than strip transect sampling for calculating waterfowl nest density. 3. Implement a distance-based line transect approach to calculating: a. Number of successful nests b. Number of depredated nests c. Total number of nests Methods  and  Study Design The general survey design will follow Anderson and Pospahala (1970). Thus, the survey design  will involve at least 20 transects that will be oriented north to south across the Refuge and spaced  150 feet apart. Total transect length will depend on the desired coefficient of variation (described below). Transects will be systematically overlaid a map of the Refuge prior to the start of the project to avoid bias in the way of vegetation or land use gradients (Figure 1). A transect will be randomly selected and a subsequent transect 150 feet away will be walked. This method will be followed in a sequential manner until all transects have been walked (Anderson and Pospahala, 1970; Buckland et al., 2001). Figure 1: Potential configuration of line transects throughout the Monte Vista National  Wildlife Refuge The Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge is home to several species of migratory waterfowl such as ducks and geese that rely on the refuge for breeding. Some species arrive on the refuge earlier than others. To mitigate the possibility of not detecting nests due to waterfowl arrival, this project will collect data twice a year, once during mid-May and once between mid-July to mid- August (Monte Vista, 2017). Sampling effort, and consequently cost, depends on the acceptable amount of uncertainty (randomness) in the density estimates. The coefficient of variation (CV) measures the uncertainty of the density estimate. Meaning that it measures how much the density estimate would change if the data were collected again (Burnham et al., 1980; Buckland et al., 2001; Schnupp, 2017a). The greater the variation in the estimate, the farther the estimate is from the true value. To control for fluctuations in variation, this project will utilize a systematic survey design with many transects (large sample size) and each transect will aim to have similar encounter rates (Figure 1). For ease of navigation and repeatability, pre-established transects will be uploaded through Mapwel 2016 to Garmin Etrex GPS units (Garmin International Incorporated, Olathe, Kansas). For each nest detected, the perpendicular distance from the center of the nest to the transect line, nest state (depredated or successful), and waterfowl type (duck or non-duck) will be recorded. Program DISTANCE 7.0 (Buckland et al., 2001) will be used to calculate overall nest density, density of successful nests, and density of depredated nests for both waterfowl types. If strong habitat differences are encountered during the survey, stratification will be used in post- processing of the data to reduce variation and improve the precision of density estimates. Data will be pooled from all transects to increase model robustness. Data pooling helps even out minor fluctuations in object density between transects and lead to more precise density estimations (Fewster et al., 2005). Various detection functi ons will be evaluated in DISTANCE, including uniform, half-normal, hazard rate, and negative exponential with simple polynomial, hermite polynomial, or cosine adjustments. A detection function will be selected from the competing models using Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) values and goodness of fit using Chi-square analysis (Buckland et al., 2001). Expected  Results  and  Benefits Given that nest success is viewed as empirical evidence for reproduction success and population status, it is imperative that estimates of density be as accurate as possible. The proposed research will (1) analyze the effectiveness of line transect distance sampling versus strip transect sampling and (2) provide an accurate, efficient, and cost-effective method to determine waterfowl nest success and distribution on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, USA. Upon confirmation of funding, research protocols will be refined in consultation with Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge personnel and Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Annual progress reports will be submitted and a final report detailing findings and recommendations will be submitted within 1 year of contract completion. Research results will be presented at professional scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals where Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge will be acknowledged as a major funding contributor. Additionally, if desired, one or more Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge employees will be listed as a coauthor in all presentations and publications. Project deliverables will include: Ph.D. dissertation and corresponding scientific publications Scientific presentations at state, regional, and international conferences (undergraduate and graduate) Spreadsheets for calculation of density estimates Technical bulletin comparing the efficacy of estimating nest density using distance sampling with line transects and strip transects. Endangered  Species  Considerations This section is not applicable to the proposed project.   Necessity  and  Ethical  Use  of  Animals This study will determine nest success and estimate of density of waterfowl on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, USA. All necessary precautions will be utilized to avoid harm to waterfowl during this study; however, an Animal Care and Use Form is being submitted with this proposal for research approval. Personnel The principal investigator of this study will be Nicole J. Traub, M.S. and the project will involve 1 Ph.D. candidate. Additionally, 5 part-time student workers will be hired to assist with research activities and data collection. Budget All items are budgeted for 2x year sampling 5%CV 10%CV 20%CV 25%CV 281.32 LINE ITEM Transect miles 7,032.97 1,758.24 439.56 Sampling hours 2,344.32 586.08 146.52 93.77 Sampling time (in days) 173 22 11 7 Salary/undergraduate 3,751.36 936.32 234.08 152.00 Salary/year (5 undergraduates) 18,756.80 4,681.60 1,170.4 760.00 Salary/P.I. 16,200.00 16,200.00 16,200.00 16,200 Fringe (0.7% salary) 244.70 146.17 114.22 118.72 Medical 13,108.3 4,741.30 4,741.30 3,346.80 Field supplies 3,000.00 3,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 Lodging 10,034.00 1,276.00 638.00 406.00 Expected mileage 13,872.40 1,645.6 1,754.80 1,193.8 Mileage reimbursement 6,936.20 1,288.6 877.40 596.90 Yearly Budget $95,454.05 $36,281.91 $27,327.28 $24,156.31 Total Expenses $286,362.15 $108,845.73 $81,981.84 $72,468.93 (3 Yearbudget) Literature  Cited   Ã‚   Anderson, D.R. and R.S. Pospahala. 1970. Correction of bias in belt transect studies of immotile objects. The Journal of Wildlife Management 34(1):141-146. Beauchamp, W. D., R.R. Koford, T. D. Nudds, R. G. Clark, and D.H. Johnson. 1996. Long-term declines in nest success of prairie ducks. The Journal ofWildlife Management 60 (2):  247-257. Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2001. Introduction to distance sampling estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford  University Press, New York, USA. 432p. Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson. 1984. The need for distance data in transect counts. The  Journal ofWildlife Management 48 (4):1248-1254. Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson, and J. L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs. (72):3-202. Fewster, R.M., J. L. Laake, and S. T. Buckland. 2005. Line transect sampling in small and large regions. Biometrics. 61 (3):856-859. Johnson, D.H. 1979. Estimating nest success: The Mayfield Method and an alternative. TheAuk  96 (4):651-661. Klett, A.T., H.F. Duebbert, C. A. Faanes, and K.F. Higgins. 1986. Techniques for studying nest success of duck in upland habitats in the Prairie Pothole region. Resource Publication  158. 24 p. Marshall, A.R., J. C. Lovett, and P.C.L. White. Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: lessons from primates. 2008. AmericanJournal of Primatology70:452-462. Monte Vista. 2017. Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Monte_Vista/wildlife_and_habitat/index.html. Newson, S. E., K. L. Evans, D. G. Noble, J. J. D. Greenwood, and K. J. Gaston. 2008. Use of distance sampling to improve estimates of national population sizes for common and widespread breeding birds in the UK. Journal of Applied Ecology45:1330-1338. Schnupp, M. 2017a. Sample units and transect design. PowerPoint presentation. Estimating Wildlife Populations course-WSCI 6390. http://schnuppconsulting.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/01/2-Sample-Units-Transect-Design.pdf. Schnupp, M. 2017b. Distance Sampling Assumptions. PowerPoint presentation. Estimating Wildlife Populations course-WSCI 6390. http://schnuppconsulting.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/01/4-Distance-Sampling-Assumptions.pdf.

Art and Humanities Essay

The Music I associate with from my early childhood would be so many different songs from like the alphabet songs. When I grew up we were not allowed watching TV so much in the 70’s. But we watched some cartoons like the Surf’s on Saturday mornings; I still remember the song Fa-la-la-la. I grew up listing to reggae and oldies but goodies music on my parents little radio in the living room. When I hear these songs I have a smile on my face. It always reminded me when my children was listening to some of the same kind of music either on Television or radio or when they watched cartoons like Old MacDonald or Bitsy Spider with the same good old folk rhymes. As I got older I remember listening to bands like the S. O. S. , Dazz band. My mom always made me play her cassette deck with her oldies or reggae music while she cleaned the house top to bottom. She always danced around while she was cleaning and it made cleaning looked like so much fun. And to this day if I help my wife with house chores I listen to the same kind of music then my mother was listening to. My daughter is the exact same way; she plays music all the times. The Music I associate with my adolescence is R&B disco music from the 1980’s and 90’s. I loved mostly all of them and I would listen to any songs â€Å"I want to be your man† by Rogers or Keith Sweat â€Å"Make it last forever†, â€Å"Between the sheets† by The Isley Brothers, I could just go on and on. I went through many phases where I start listening to Madonna or country music and different artists like them, but I believe it had something do to with being a young boy growing up. Up to this day I could listen to all the same artists, bands or songs and think about the carefree days I had and being a high school boy being crazy with all my friends. But there was a time in my life where I was real crazy and just listening to rap music and started using the bad words and believe me that was not for long because my mother got rid of all my rap music quickly. And now if my children would listen to some rap music I tell them please not in my home. When it comes to comfort in music I always find myself going back and listen to oldies or reggae that was always  playing when my mother was cleaning the house. It was an everyday thing for my mom because it seemed that our home was never clean enough for her because we were six children coming in from football fields dirty or the backyard. But anytime I came into the house the same oldies or reggae music was playing, it was either Bob Marley† Buffalo Soldiers† or the oldies song† Let’s stay together† by Al Green When I have a bad day or just want to relax I find myself sitting down and turn on music and listen to the 70’s or 80’s songs, because that is what gets my head clear and then I can focus again. Happiness is a mood I would associate with songs or music that has a good rhythm and has a positive message. The song that makes me happy is â€Å"Buffalo Soldiers† by Bob Marley just like my mother, she would play that song over and over again. I would say that every genre and style of music has it songs that are happy, sad, comforting, depressing, fun and any other mood or feeling one could have. This is not because of how the song really sounds or the way it’s played, it’s the meaning from the lyrics. But the listener interprets the song in a way that only you can relate to. That is why music is so important to me because it can be a musical time line of our memories. I will always remember the music I grew up with and all the god times I had as a child and this is what I took into my Adulthood. In my life, music has been a constant, ever changing magical and amazing adventure. Music has always been a part of an everyday life for so many years and so many more years to come, because no matter if we understand the music that the one likes or not it does not matter to us. All we need to know is what we like and what impact music has on us. Music may make a person happy or sad because of the memories they re-live. No matter what it might be you must know that music is needed and wanted. References: Altschuler, R. J. (2009). The Art of Being Human: The Humanities as a Technique for Living. Retrieved from: www. youtube. com/watch? v=S5FCdx7Dn0o Retrieved from: www. youtube. com/watch? v=RCcg7ctrC4w.

Sniffy Report

The amounts of bar presses for the different training schedules were compared. It was found that non-target behaviors were frequent during the first observation session, but as an association with bar pressing was formed, an increase In target behavior was observed. The IVR schedule produced more target behaviors, and when the reinforce was removed, target behavior decreased. The CRY rat appeared to learn the target behavior more quickly, and the target behavior became extinct more gradually. However, when the reward (virtual pellet) was taken away or decreased, the rats' target behavior decreased.Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 3 Method Participants The sample included fifteen students who shaped virtual rats named â€Å"Sniffs. † These students were In a Psychology 310 class at Clemson University. The class was made up of juniors and seniors In college. Two virtual rats were observed In this experiment using the â€Å"Sniffs† program. These rats were considere d to be representative of the population because they were programmed to behave the way a â€Å"normal,† â€Å"average† rat would. Materials or Apparatus A virtual Skinner Box was used in this procedure. In this box. Ere was a bar for the rat to press and a food dispenser ending at a hopper. Virtual pellets of food were also used In this experiment. Procedure This procedure was conducted In a laboratory setting as an observational study. The experiment consisted of two rats and was between-subject. Observations began with the fifteen students simply observing a virtual rat and recording behaviors that they could possibly study. These behaviors were: sniffing, walking, circling, cleaning, crouching, lying flat, and standing on hind legs. However, the definitions of these behaviors were arbitrary.Three behaviors (bar pressing, rearing, and grooming) were then operationally defined and became the focus of the virtual rats' behaviors. Bar pressing was operationally defined to be when Sniffs pressed the bar that would give him a virtual pellet. Rearing was operationally defined as Sniffs standing on his hind legs against a wall, but not his standing on his hind legs in the middle of the cage. Grooming was operationally defined as Sniffs cleaning his face with his front paws, but not any other type of cleaning behavior. One of the virtual rats Comparison exhibition of these three behaviors was taken from the fifteen students.This was done to define a baseline for â€Å"normal† behavior in these virtual rats. Upon devising this baseline, the students shaped â€Å"Sniffs† for 45 minutes on a continuous reinforcement schedule. The object of training the virtual rat was to teach him how to press the bar and, thus, receive a food pellet. To train him, the students pressed the bar every time Sniffs got close to the food hopper. This caused familiarity with the sound of a bar press, a connection of the sound and the food pellet, and eventually, the connection of the bar press and the food pellet.Thus, Sniffs was trained to press the bar to get food. Because of time constraints, no one in either group completely trained the virtual rats, but for ease of understanding, fully trained rats were used after this part of the procedure. This experiment was done with simulated hungry rats. The students then split up into groups of seven and eight to observe two different virtual rats. The group of seven observed a rat trained on a continuous reinforcement (CRY) schedule, and the group of eight observed a rat trained on a variable ratio-5 (IVR) schedule.The groups observed the virtual rats at different times, but each group observed for 30 minutes. The group observing the rat on a CRY schedule observed and recorded the number of bar presses their Sniffs displayed. The group observing the rat on a IVR schedule recorded the number of bar presses, rearing, and grooming behaviors exhibited by Sniffs. After the virtual rats were trained and observed, the students attempted to extinguish the behavior they trained Sniffs to perform. Both virtual rats were considered to be fully shaped at the beginning of this section of the study.The settings were changed on the Sniffs program so that there was no sound when the bar was pressed. The rats also did not receive any food pellets when they pressed he bar. The rats were observed for ten minutes each at different times. Bar pressing, rearing, Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 5 and grooming behaviors were recorded. Again, because of time constraints, neither rat became completely extinct in the ten minutes of observation, but completely extinct rats were used for the next section of the experiment. Extinction was defined as less than one bar press per minute for the rats.After behaviors for both rats were extinguished, they were placed on their previous schedules of reinforcement to measure recovery behavior. The rats ere observed for twelve minutes in attempt to retr ain them to press the bar for food. Once more, because of time constraints, the virtual rats were set back to full association of bar pressing with food for the remainder of the experiment. Finally, punishment took place. A fully trained CRY virtual rat and a fully trained IVR virtual rat were used in this section. High punishment was implemented for every time the rats pressed the bar.This punishment was a shock from the floor of the Skinner Box. Both rats received this treatment. Each of the rats was observed for five minutes. Bar reusing, rearing, and grooming behaviors were recorded during this time. It is believed that the rat may have thought it was still in extinction, and it is possible that the rat never actually gained the habit back. There were several confound that could have affected the results of this experiment. The lab assistant kept time by incorrect recording of data could have resulted from human error.At times, the virtual rats pressed the bar many times sequent ially, making it difficult to accurately record the data. In this study, the independent variable was the level of reinforcement the rats got when they pressed the bar; these levels were: no enforcement, CRY, IVR, and positive punishment. No reinforcement was used during baseline observations. CRY and IVR were used in training the rats to press the bar and again in recovery. Positive punishment was used in attempt to extinguish the learned behavior of bar pressing in the rats.The dependent variable was the virtual rats' pressing of the bar, Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 6 and data was collected. It is arguable that rearing and grooming behaviors were additional dependent variables, but the one being studied and compared was the bar pressing behavior. There were no ethical problems in this procedure. Virtual rats were used, so no live animals were in danger. These were the only participants in the experiment. The experimenters were also not in danger. The only possible issu e would be stress.The experimenters had a slight amount of stress on them to keep up with the bar presses of these rats. Other than this minor possible dilemma, the experiment was ethically sound. There was no compensation offered in this procedure, and very little bias was likely to play a role in the collection of data. Results Frequency behavior was observed and recorded during this experiment. The IVR rat's training included 118 bar presses for 45 minutes. A noticeable difference was found in the frequency of bar presses for the rat trained on a CRY schedule and the rat trained on a IVR schedule.Figure 1 shows the differences in baseline, CRY, and IVR rat observations of behaviors. Figure 2 gives a comparison of the extinction of the CRY and IVR trained rats. In the twelve minutes the students observed the IVR rat after extinction, no recovery was made. A slight recovery was made in the CRY rat. In the recovery after punishment, the IVR rat pressed the bar four times and did not receive a pellet. The data for all of the observations made can be found in Figure 3. Over all, the differing training techniques appeared to have affects on the response of virtual rats to the independent variable.Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 7 Discussion Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 1 focused on the observation section of the experiment to define a baseline. It was predicted that more non-target behaviors (rearing and grooming) would occur more often than the target behavior (bar pressing). As seen in Figure 1, the hypothesis was supported. The baseline included almost no bar presses and larger amounts of rearing and grooming. Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 2 suggested that during shaping, there would be an increase in target behavior and a decrease in non-target behavior as an association was formed.This hypothesis was supported for the rat trained on a IVR schedule, but was not recorded for the rat trained on a CRY. These figures are recorded in Figure 1 . The fact that non-targ et behaviors were not recorded for the CRY rat Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 3 stated that the rat trained on the IVR schedule would result in more bar presses per minute than the rat trained on the CRY scale. Again, Figure 1 shows this hypothesis to be true. There was a large difference in the amount of bar presses each of the rats exhibited. This is likely because the IVR rats had to press the bar for an unknown number of times in order to receive a food pellet.Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 8 Hypothesis 4 Hypothesis 4 stated that during extinction, the target behavior would increase with the removal of the reinforce. Figure 2 shows this to be true for both rats. When the rats had no motivation to press the bar, they lost interest. There were several extinction bursts, but after the tine often minutes ended, the rats had lost a considerable amount of interest in the target behavior. Implementation This project is applicable to humans in that it demonstrates support for the Beha vioral approach to psychology.A traditional Skinner Box was used, and the traditional ideas of providing reinforcement and punishment as a means of controlling behavior were applied. The ability to compare rat behavior to human behavior is questionable, but a widely- accepted theory was supported in this study. Strengths and Weaknesses This study was done in a small laboratory setting with only two rats. The small number of participants in this study ay be a hindrance in the application of the results to multiple facets. To generalize the study, more rats should be used to test the various shaping methods.Another weakness of this study is that the time measurement was imprecise. The time was kept by the lab assistant, and she occasionally forgot to call the time. Human error plays a part in this as well. Another factor human error likely played a part in is the collection of the data. Although the students were all specifically trying to be accurate in their recordings, it is not li kely that even a single person recorded all of the data refectory. One more weakness includes the fact that the non-target behaviors were not recorded during training of the CRY rat.The data would have been more easily compared if they were consistent across the experiment. Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 9 A major strength in this procedure was the accuracy of averages across the data. Though there were slight differences in the reports of collected data, much of the numbers were close in range. Another strength in this experiment was that the rats being observed were modeled after live rats in a laboratory. Therefore, he experiment was able to be conducted without the use of live animals, and the reported data were likely similar to that from a study on live rats.Further Research This study would be interesting to implement in the lives of humans. Many would argue that rats are different from humans, and therefore, this behavior does not apply to humans. Shaping human beha vior would be difficult to test in a laboratory setting, but if possible, it would be interesting. Parallelism in the observation groups is a good idea to add to further studies. Because this study was missing a few observations, the data collected was less useful to those analyzing it.

Euthanasia A Way To Save Patient Lives. Some Argue That

Euthanasia: a Way to Save Patient Lives Some argue that physician assisted suicide (PAS) or Euthanasia is murder due to the decreasing value of life and the permitting doctors to kill. Societal and law change began first in Oregon, in 1994, when the Death with Dignity Act was passed. This act allows an Oregon resident, that has a terminal illness and fits a specific criteria, to have a lethal dose of medication to end their suffering. To date, five other states have joined Oregon in the legalization of physician assisted suicide in the United States. Leading to the question of, â€Å"why have the other states refused to join the six states that has legalized euthanasia?† Simultaneously, most states will answer with, â€Å"it is still murder,†¦show more content†¦So the legality in PAS should be determined by the patient, in regards to their quality of life. Advocates against physician assisted suicide would then argue that society has been desensitized to death and violence and therefore don’t see it as murder. In the past few decades the entertainment industry has been showcasing death in increasingly violent and gory ways as it depicts more and more death in movies and TV shows. The rise of social media has also given rise to a barrage of â€Å"caught on video† death and violence. Is there other ways of providing quality entertainment without all of the death that is involved? The exponential increase of popularity of showcasing death has also impacted how future forms of entertainment will be created. As seen in multiple movies and videogames using life and death as entertainment purposes has increased revenue streams. This argument that the growing trend of violence in our everyday lives has left mainstream society jaded and apathetic. So is it because of media that we are â€Å"cruel† or are we actually not as cruel as people make us to be? While it could be argued that while the modern U.S. society experiences increasing violence related stress, this o nly strengthens the argument for a person’s quality of life and the importance of it. With the recent passing of Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act of 1994, people against PAS argue that the act has opened opportunities for brutalShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Speech Outline : Legalization Of Euthanasia1379 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Speech Outline: Legalization of Euthanasia Lexie Phongthai-Yochum Topic: Legalizing Euthanasia General Purpose: To argue Specific Purpose: To argue that euthanasia should be made available for terminal patients to end their suffering. 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Although some mayRead MoreEuthanasia, An Eloquent Word1217 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia, an eloquent word with such a dark meaning. Some may have heard it, some may not. Euthanasia is defined as the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. Like other terms borrowed from history, euthanasia has had different meanings depending on usage. The first apparent usage of the term euthanasia belongs to t he historian Suetonius, who described how the Emperor Augustus, dying quickly and without suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia, experiencedRead MoreEuthanasi A Controversial Issue Around The World1461 Words   |  6 PagesSince euthanasia first appeared in the nineteenth century, it has become a controversial issue around the world. Euthanasia, the â€Å"mercy killing†, relieve those who are suffering from disease or when they are on terminal stage by ending the life of a person intentionally (â€Å"Euthanasia†). In some countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium have legalized euthanasia under certain circumstances. However, active euthanasia is not yet legal in China and it seems to be against traditional Chinese conceptsRead MoreEuthanasia Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia In this term paper I have chosen to speak about euthanasia because this is a topic that provokes as much controversy as capital punishment, primarily because it is irreversible. The question of euthanasia being right or wrong is one that most would prefer left alone. My purpose here in this term paper is to show forth view points of both sides of the arguments and finally conclude with my views on the topic. Let me start by explaining what is the exact